Tanzania - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2300 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1.0. INTRODUCTION Tanzania is an sovereign state and is among the Sub Saharan African countries situated in Central East Africa. Neighboring countries are including Kenya and Uganda to the north, while Rwanda, Burundi, and Democratic Republic of the Congo the west, to the southern part bordered by Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tanzania" essay for you Create order The country also bordered by Zanzibar and lie on Indian Ocean to the eastern side. Tanzania is still among the developing countries in the world in which its economy based predominantly on agriculture. More than ten years ago, more than 80% people earning their income through agricultural activities and accounts for almost half of the GDP for the nation. However on the side of industries still mainly limited to the processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. In 2008 the gross domestic product growth rate realized to 7.4% and per capita income estimated to 4%. Among other things Tanzania has giant amounts of natural resources including gold, diamonds, coal, iron ore, tanzanite and other minerals. In comparison, Tanzania is ranked to the 3rd largest producer of gold within the African countries after the South Africa and Ghana. Tanzania population up to July 2008 estimated approximately 40,213,160 million. Out of that, 44.3% were the age group from 0-14 years old, 53. 1% aged from 15-64 years and 65 years and above accounted for 2.6%. Even though popular of population which almost 77% of all Tanzanians still live in rural areas. Based on religions, 35% are Muslims, indigenous belief accounted for 35% and the remaining 30% are Christians. Swahili is the mother tongue of the Bantu speaking people living in Tanzania up today, while English is an official, primary language of commerce, administration and higher learning education. Apart from that it has been shown that males have achieved more education than females. As far as employment is concerned, more than 20 million people were active labor force. Unemployment still is the major serious problem particularly facing the youth in a nation. But young females were more affected to this problem than young males. 2.0. ECONOMIC OVERVIEW Tanzania is among the developing countries in the world with the GDP per capita of US$ 300 or US$ 780 in terms of purchasing power parity. In 2008 the GDP growth rate realized to US$ 20,630 and per capita income accounted to US$ 515 (https://www.imf.org/external/data.htm#data). Although agriculture remains the leading sector in the economy which accounting for now under 50% of GDP. With regard to the contribution to employment, this sector generates just about 70% employment of the total national labor force. However, there has been powerful growth in tourism, mining, telecommunications and construction in recent years. Even though the mining sector accounts for only around 3% of GDP, gold has become by far Tanzanias largest export commodity with a share of almost 50% of total export in 2006 (37% in 2005). Due to the fact that Tanzania is still largely focused on particularly exporting primary products, it is highly vulnerable to undesirable weather conditions and world market pric e shocks. Nevertheless high commodity prices in grouping with a relatively successful diversification of the economy have brought Tanzania a relative wealth over the past few years. The economy has developed consistently since the country abolished its heritage of socialist planning in 1986, thus since 2001 Tanzania experience an annual growth rate ranging 6-7%. The real GDP growth of a nation slowed down up to 5.8% in 2006. The main reason for this GDP slowed down was the severe drought which was further affected even for food security. Fortunately enough in 2007 GDP growth picked up again to 6.7% determined by a more enabling environment. Therefore the mining, manufacturing and construction sectors are probably showed strong performance, supported by increased demand and improved electricity supplies. Through the magnetism of foreign direct investment the macroeconomic environment continue to be stable. Most foreign direct investment, however, have little influence on emp loyment, as it concentrate mainly in capital-intensive sectors, such as mining. This sector also has the most potential for economic diversification for instance in oil and gas exploration. Still, despite a strengthening economy, and stronger government institutions and policies, there are significant issues that continue to threaten the countrys performance. The energy sector remains highly underdeveloped and vulnerable to weather conditions, physical infrastructural capacity remains weak, and business regulation bottlenecks continue to suppress private investment. 3.0. BANK OF TANZANIA (BOT) Bank of Tanzania was established after the decision taken by three governments including Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania to dissolve the East African Currency Board (EACB). From that sense each government established its own bank. The bank of Tanzania Act, 1965 was passed by the national assembly in December 1965 and the bank was opened on June 1966 by the first president of that time (Julius K. Nyerere). The Act empowered the bank of Tanzania to perform all the tradition central banking functions. The Bank also reoriented its policies within the eight months since it was launched, that is in February 1967. Most of the traditional instruments of indirect monetary policy stipulated in the Act became inoperative, as there was no longer an environment of the type which exists in a competitive system, where indirect instruments are effective. In 1971/72 foreign exchange plan developed to control the use of foreign exchange in accordance with national priorities. In addition to that in 1978 the Bank of Tanzania Act was amended and came out with four special funds together with the Rural Finance Fund; the Industrial Finance Fund; the Export Credit Guarantee Fund; and the Capital and Interest Subsidy Fund (https://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTHistory.asp). Among other equipment Bank of Tanzania like other banks in the world has its objectives and functions. The primary function first, the Importance of Price Stability, which implies that the rate of inflation measured by the rate of increase of the national consumer price index must be kept as low as possible on average of 0-5%. This will in turn to be the most significant donation to achieving maximum growth for a nations economic wealth. However if the nation experience a higher inflation, wages and salaries might not be increased hurriedly. Resulting to erosion of purchasing power, and finally decrease in real income for large part of population. Further consequences will be corruption, expansion of the informal sect ors, social friction, increased crime and finally economic in-efficiency. Second objective is prerequisites and limits of an effective monetary policy. In order to achieve this objective the bank has to formulate and implement monetary policy by using instruments like Refinancing Policy, Minimum Reserve Policy, Open Market Policy, Foreign Exchange Interventions, and other instruments. Furthermore, the success of the Monetary Policy Objectives has to be facilitated by a continued application of market-oriented policies in the financial sector, the public sector, the industrial sector, the agricultural sector, and the external payments area. Other auxiliary functions of the Bank of Tanzania including Bank of Issue, Bankers Bank, the Governments Bank, Advisor to the Governments, the Guardian of the countrys International Reserves, Supervision of Banks and Financial institutions and endorsement of Financial Development (https://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTFunction.asp). 4.0. EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate infinance, theexchange rates(also known as theforeign-exchange rate,forex rateorFX rate) between twocurrenciesspecify how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. It is the value of a foreign nations currency in terms of the home nations currency.For example an exchange rate of 91Japanese yen(JPY, yen;) to theUnited States dollar(USD, $) means that JPY 91 is worth the same as USD 1. Theforeign exchange marketis one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 3.2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day. Based on Tanzanias figure below, from the end of 2000 up to the mid of 2006 the exchange rate depreciated significantly. However, after that real exchange rate started to appreciate moderately for the twelve months period. In the course of end-2001 from the figure two, it was reported that, the real exchange rate movements were large. That was due to Tanzanias higher inflation relati ve to its trading partners but, with inflation falling to single digits, they have since reflected mainly trends in the nominal effective exchange rate. Following the pointed real appreciation of the shilling in the second half of the 1990s, the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) reduced aid absorption in 2001, while the government continued to fully spend increasing levels of aid. This contributed to a rapid increase in international reserves, and also encouraged depreciation of the nominal exchange rate, particularly during 2002/03 (Berg et. al., 2007). Also according to Tanzanian authorities and IMF staff calculations, since 2003/04, aid has been fully absorbed, and the coverage of reserves has gradually declined (text Table 1). The current account deficit (net of official transfers) has widened, rising to 14 percent of GDP in 2006/07, but remains largely financed by highly concessional donor assistance (8frac12; percent of GDP) and FDI (4frac12; percent of GDP). During April-July 2 007, Tanzania experienced significant portfolio inflows, estimated at about US$200-250 million (equivalent to about 1frac12; percent of GDP). The BOT responded by purchasing most of these additional inflows, resisting nominal appreciation pressures, and sold T-bills to mop up liquidity (Figure 3). Source: Bank of Tanzania In addition to that, in recent years share of goods and services have increased relative to global export. This is more than getting better from the considerable decline of the late 1990s. From the period of the last five years the exports of goods and services have grown for on an average 20%. While in the second half of 2007 the growth rate has speed up sharply in particular manufacturing segment. Due to the depreciation of exchange rate since at the end of 2000 and higher product export prices since 2000/2001, in recent years the export of traditional goods including cotton, coffee, tea and cashew nuts, are remained the same in the nominal US dollar. Th is poor presentation caused by weak supporting financial and transport infrastructure for the sector. On the other hand the sharp go up oil prices in recent years is also having played an important function. 5.0. EXCHANGE RATE INDICATORS In supporting to the https://economics.about.com/cs/economicsglossary/g/exchange_rate.htm in exchange rate indicator, meaning that the current market price for which one currency can be exchanged for another. For instance if the U.S. exchange rate for the Canadian Dollar is $1.60, this means that 1 American Dollar can be exchanged for 1.6 Canadian dollars. From this logic through Bank of Tanzania the exchange rate for the period of December 2009 of buying and selling in difference currencies in terms of 100 units can be shown as: Foreign exchange rate for 11/December /2009 Currency in 100 units Buying Selling USD 130,215.54 132,873.00 EURO 191,807.49 195,761.79 GBP 212,381.55 216,795.59 KES (Kenya Shillings) 1,717.41 1,747.33 Source: https://www.bot-tz.org/ From the table it shows that for example USD 100 can be exchanged for 130,215.54 Tanzania shillings as far as the remaining currencies are concerned. 6.0. TANZANIA EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION on the other hand the economic development can take a major part in making the exchange rate strong. Thus stable exchange rate is very central element for improving economic performance. But because most developing countries and Tanzania is among of them, exchange rate is not aligned to the side of economic behavior. This is due to the fact that its economy still depending on import goods and area in exports produce. For instance on June this year Tanzania government was looking for financial and technological support from China in order to complete the expansion of Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank. Where also lack of ease of access to world financial market which resulted in to lower level of agricultural outputs i.e reducing domestic food supply and more trade inequality. Even though some researchers argued that exchange rate fluctuation is very important for companies mostly concerned in global trade. Therefore the Tanzania shillings fluctuate in accordance to the other cu rrencies. For example Tanzania shilling (TZS) to US dollar as it shows in the graph below between the 6/11/2009 and 12/7/2009 fluctuate in every short period of time. That was mainly since the last year of global financial crises up to this moment the economy does not receiving better. But government try to take action by developing a plan to encourage its economy in allocate more resources specifically on agriculture. This will in turn to improved food exports, increased domestic returns, increased income to local farmers and finally enhanced foreign exchange reserves. Source: https://www.exchange-rates.org/history/TZS/USD/G 7.0. CONLUSION Booming development always results in a currency appreciation in the company of an improvement in the standard of livelihood. Alternatively, a malfunction in economic development results in a quick currency depreciation. In such a way that rapid economic growth is accompanied by real exchange rate appreciation because of differential productivity growth between tradable and non-tradable sectors (Balassa-Samulson hypothesis (1963)). Thus in order to make exchange rate appreciation Tanzania government has to ensure the GDP growth and improvement particularly on the side of trade for the year ahead. In addition to that, resistance in the past to market-driven nominal exchange rate appreciation pressures has contributed to either faster growth, and ultimately inflation, or to a significant increase in interests when the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) intervened to sterilize the liquidity impact of its foreign exchange rates purchases, and proved too costly to maintain on a sustained basis ( as acknowledged in Berg et. Al, 2007). As a result Tanzania policy makers should provide a frame work for making the exchange rate on stability well-matched with economic stability, together with the policy tool that is required to approve the potential differences. References https://www.bot-tz.org/ https://www.bot-tz.org/FinancialMarkets/ExchangeRates/ShowExchangeRates.asp https://economics.about.com/cs/economicsglossary/g/exchange_rate.htm https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tanzania-economy/news/35-news/299-plans-to-stimulate-tanzania-economy-during-global-crisis https://www.exchange-rates.org/history/TZS/USD/G https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate https://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTFunction.asp https://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTHistory.asp https://www.imf.org/external/data.htm#data

Mlb Regression Analysis Data - 1212 Words

Data Log(Attendance) = B1wins + B2FCI + B3tktprice + B4payroll + B5state + B6earnspop In order to explain the effect that winnings percentage has on attendance, I have created an adjusted economic model that I have specified above. In order to test my economic model, I have compiled data for each of the variables specified in the model from the years 2003 to 2005. The question that I will be answering in my regression analysis is whether or not wins have an affect on attendance in Major League Baseball (MLB). I want to know whether or not wins and other variables associated with attendance have a positive impact on a team s record. The y variable in my analysis is going to be attendance for each baseball team. I collected the†¦show more content†¦Payroll is another variable that I will be taking into consideration while doing my regression analysis. I feel that payroll can have an effect on attendance if a team spends more money on popular players. These players will be able to attract more fans to the games. Therefore, the more a team spends on its players the more fans they will be able to attract. I will be obtaining this data from www.baseballreference.com. The average payroll from 2003-2005 for a team was $70,974,000. The standard deviation of this variable is $31,463,000. The minimum payroll was $19,630,000 and the ma ximum was $208,310,000. I will be using a dummy variable in my analysis that I feel can have an impact on attendance. This variable is whether or not the team shares its state with another baseball team. There will be an obvious negative effect on attendance if there is more than one MLB team in a given state. A zero is going to represent a team that is the only team in their state and a 1 will represent a team who shares its state with one or more teams. The data for this dummy variable will come from www.rodneyfort.com/SportsData. 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Jackson’s Knowledge Argument Free Essays

Dualism is the theory that our world is not entirely physical but is made up of mind and matter, therefore uggesting the mind is not the brain (brain is matter, the mind is a separate entity). Cartesian Dualism states: Each mind is an immaterial substance capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson’s Knowledge Argument or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physical world is a material substance, capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is extension (taking up space). (Lecture 1, DCT). Monism, in contrast to dualism states that the mind and brain are unified, and that there is no division between the two. Those who support monism believe that there is only one reality. Physicalism is a kind of monism as it is the belief that different approaches to the mind-body problem, let us look at the knowledge argument by Frank Jackson, who theorises that physicalism is false. Jackson describes two thought experiments to support his anti-physicalism theory. The first centres around Mary, a brilliant scientist who is confined to a black and white room, who learns everything through black and white, including a black and white television. Mary is an expert in the neurophysiology of vision learns all the physical information about what happens to the brain when we see colour. Jackson (1982, p. 30) states: â€Å"She discovers, for example, Just which wave-length combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of vocal chords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence â€Å"The sky is blue†. When Mary leaves the room, and sees the colour red for the first time, Jackson raises the question of whether Mary will learn anything or not. Jackson claims that yes indeed Mary does, because she is having a new visual experience that she has not had before, despite having all the physical information prior to this. Jackson (1982, p. 130) goes on â€Å"But then it is inescapable that her previous knowledge was incomplete. But she had all the physical information. Ergo there is more to have than that, and Physicalism is false†. Jackson believes that qualia has been left out of this story. qualia relates to our own subjective experiences. When I see a colour, smell a perfume, I am subjected toa conscious experience that is only relevant to me, no one else can experience these sensations the way I do. The following thought experiment in Jackson’s paper explains this further. Fred, presented with a bunch of ripe tomatoes, separates them n to two groups. Fred has better colour vision than anyone else, but manages to separate the tomatoes into two groups, redl and red2. Whilst we may categorise all the tomatoes as simply red, Fred sees clearly two different types of red, in the way we would distinguish yellow from green. Suppose we know all about Fred’s physiology and discover is a super ability to separate colours on the red spectrum, it does not actually tell us what it is like to see colour from Fred’s perspective, or his colour experience. No amount of physical information about Fred can tell us what it is like o see colours in the same way as Fred does. Furthermore, if we were to implant Fred’s brain into another beings body, it still would not tell us anything about Fred’s conscious experience of seeing red at this present moment in time. Thomas Nagel’s paper What is it like to be a bat? reinforces the theory that physicalism leaves something out. If we look at physicalism objectively, for example, look at the facts about Marys physiology that enable to her to see, we can know what happens to the optic nerve and retina when Mary sees colour, or light, but her experience of seeing he colour red is a subjective one. This experience is told from the first person point of view, therefore Nagel suggests that we cannot be objective about other people’s experiences. Nagel (1974, p. 426) describes how we can we observe the physicality of bats: â€Å"Now we know that most bats (the microchiroptera, to be precise) perceive the external world primarily by sonar, or echolocation, detecting the reflections, from objects within range, of their own rapid, subtly modulated, high frequency shrieks†. There is nothing about a bat’s senses that are like ours, and while we can imagine hat it may be like to be another human being, we cannot imagine what it is like to our imagination. As we do not have experience of being a bat our imagination is therefore limited. It is within my capabilities to mimic a bat’s behaviour, eat insects, hang upside down, imagine myself flying, but I cannot share the same experiences as a bat as only a bat knows what it is like to have these experiences. One of the main physicalist responses to Jackson’s knowledge argument is to agree that Mary does learn something new when she leaves the black and white room. Physicalists say hat Mary has gained a new ability rather than a new fact. Remember that Mary possessed all physical information before she left the room. Another physicalist view is that Mary is experiencing a mental state that is a result of the physical impact on her brain when she sees colour. The mental state that happens to Mary is seen as a brain state and therefore deemed to be physical. She already has the knowledge how to see colour but not necessarily knowledge that. Knowledge that is knowing that Paris is the capital of France, whilst knowledge how is knowing how to play the piano. Mary knows how to recognise colour. There is also the matter of causal closure which relates to every physical event having a physical cause. For example, if you bang your toe, is a physical event, which activates the mental state of pain, and to make the decision to hold on to your toe is also a mental state, however it results in your holding your toe, which is a physical event. This physicalist argument is a strong one, but no matter which way we look at the mind-body problem no one can have your conscious experiences. There can be countless thought experiments but each subject will see or feel things differently. Philip Goff (2013) states: â€Å"Physicalism is a grand and ambitious project, but there is a thorn in its side: consciousness. The qualities each of us encounters in our conscious experience – the feeling of pain, the sensations of biting into a lemon, what it’s like to see red – stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the physicalist’s all-encompassing vision of the universe. Consciousness seems to be the one bit of left-over magic that refuses to be physicalised. And it’s all the fault of the zombies†. Goff calls these zombies philosophical (or p-zombies) as they are not supposed to e the zombies that we see in films, it is a zombie that is used in philosophical thought experiments. If your zombie, was opened up, everything about its brain structure would be identical with yours. The thing that the zombie would lack is conscious experience. It might scream when it is stabbed with a knife, but it is because it is programmed to do so, its reactions will not coincide with feelings of pain of pleasure. Goff, talking about zombies summarises this point â€Å"However, your zombie twin has no inner experience: there is nothing that it’s like to be your zombie twin. It’s screaming and running away when stabbed isn’t accompanied by a feeling of pain. Its smiles are not accompanied by any feeling of pleasure†. Goff puts forward an excellent argument to those who identify brain states with conscious states. He talks about what happens in the brain when you are in pain. If a brain surgeon was to open you up to see what is going on in your head if you had been stabbed with a knife they would see c-fibres firing, but they would not see that you are in pain and the c-fibres are firing, they could see what is happening physically but your conscious xperience of pain would not be visible. Goff (2013) explains: â€Å"to say that the feeling of pain is identical with c-fibres firing in your brain, is to say that pain – the thing you sees when she looks in your head after youVe had the knife stuck in you – are one and the same thing. It is to say that we don’t have two things – pain and c-fibres firing – but one thing with two labels† Furthermore, if your zombie was opened up and a brain surgeon wanted to observe their brain activity after being stabbed by a knife, again they would observe the c-fibres firing, but there would be the absence of the onscious experience of pain. If you stab your zombie it will create a physical event, with a physical response but you cannot know what it is like to be your zombie, in the same way that your zombie cannot know what it is like to be you. Your zombie cannot be the same as you physically and consciously as you can only be one person. I do not believe that it is possible to completely resolve the mind-body problem. I am inclined to lean towards Jackson’s point of view that we cannot perceive the colour red from Marys point of view. Not only can we not perceive things visually, if Mary ad been colour blind but gained knowledge how to perceive colours through touch or other senses, it would still be true to say that her experience would be a subjective one. How to cite Jackson’s Knowledge Argument, Papers

Epidemiology in Nutrition Essay Example For Students

Epidemiology in Nutrition Essay Epidemiology in nutrition: Objectives: The professional in nutrition will be able to interpret with the epidemiological approach to health and disease situations which raises their professional performance, with special attention to the prevention within the resolution of problems. Describe the natural history with ecological sense of proper nutrition and diseases associated with deficiencies in the food and nutrition. Determine in the previous pathologies the Levels of prevention and actions at each level. Use the concept and methodology of risk approach for the detection of causality and for the prioritization of actions in the control or solution of nutritional diseases in communities and individuals. Manage the systematics information of morbidity and mortality, learn about their uses and limitations and describe from its, the health disease in the country in pathologies associated with failures of feeding and nutritional situation. Formulate from the above what issues requiring epidemiological research and select correctly the type of methodology to be used: .